The makers of this new identity for king and people are unknown. But it is very likely that they were drawn from the learned orders or the clergy of the dual Church of Picts and Scots, whose status depended on that of the king. The literate clergy had already shown themselves with overkings, like the 'kings of Dalriada; or the reges Pictorum, latter-day counterparts of Old Testament kings. It was they who must have developed the cults of St Peter and Constantine which had marked the eight and early ninth centuries. Cultural achievements of the mac Alpin dynasty are curiously absent; no great ornamental sculpture or manuscripts compared to the Book of Kells survived from this period. Yet the new image cast for the mac Alpin dynasty and its realm between 840 and 1050 must largely have been the creation of a written culture. In contrast, lesser kings, now recast by the scribes as mormaers or earls, would have to wait until the sixteenth century for their own written histories. What continued, in many of the far-flung parts of the realm, was a traditional oral culture which continued to sign praises of the warlord and chief of the kindred. "King of Scots' by contrast, drew their authority not only from the genealogy of 'the Scottish people' and the territory of Alba or Scotia. Regnum and gens had come together but the result was more than the sum of the parts.