Scotland - A History

Each month we present a chapter in the history of Scotland. We move forward in time each month.

Peoples of the Kingdom - Lords and Men (cont.)

The forebears of the lairds of later medieval Scotland were also an amalgam of lesser Celtic lords like thanes (a Latin translation of the Gaelic toisech, the lowest of the three layers of Celtic ) and the upper ranks of the retinue of newly created feudal knights. Recruits of both Scottish kings and their great lords, these foreign vassals were drawn fairly evenly from Normans, Bretons and Flemings in the first wave of feudalism between the 1120s and 1150s. Some were specialist royal servants - armourers, falconers, even cooks or brewers. Others, especially those who migrated with a lord, were often stewards or chamberlains, the essential managers of a noble estate and household. Some of the most favoured were created minor tenants-in-chief of the king, owing the service of a knight or a military sergeand and thus becoming junior members of the bons gens or nobiles viri, but most had a parcel of their lord's land with perhaps one or two touns in it sub-infeudated to them and were delegated powers as his vassals. In time these powers would crystallise in the barony, which had its own mill, parish church and court to deal with both law and order and civil matters, such as tenants' and boundary disputes. By the fifteenth century, when the pattern of lordship was becoming more complex, baronies were split up, amalgamated and increasing in number; but the essential link between the lord and his affinity remained, although now cast in the new terms of a written bond of manrent by which protection was offered in exchange for homage. By then the explicit link with military feudalism had been extinct for more than a century, which has induced some historians to think of a 'bastard feudalism' in which money had replaced military service, but the other two key attributes of feudalism remained - the link between lord and land and between lord and men.

The noble incomers and their dependents did not bring with them their own peasantry and tenantry. The feudal settlement of Scotland was not a plantation, still less a conquest. It is likely that the greatest continuity between the tenth and eleventh centuries and the early medieval period lay in the people who lived on and worked the land. The reigns of David I and his two grandsons probably brought little difference to the pattern of their working lives: as late as 1200 it seems likely that the bulk of the peasantry, as before 1100, enjoyed few if any legal freedoms. Most were tied in some way to the land they worked, but freedom was still an abstract and largely meaningless concept (as were the later terms used in burghs 'free' and 'unfree') in a society where lineage and kindred were the determinants of its workings. The new lords - whether secular or ecclesiastical, earls and knights, or monasteries and abbeys - inherited a system in which nativi, already thirled to their lord by blood or place of birth, were expected to perform labour services on their estates, often as neyfs or serfs. It is unlikely that the neyfs were a standardised underclass, everywhere bound to their lord in the same practical terms, and by the fourteenth century they would quietly disappear from documentary record. The explanation of their disappearance lies in the changes already taking place in the twelfth century if not before towards a cash economy, in which food-rents were replaced, in whole or in part, for money rents. By then surpluses of grain, crops or produce were regularly turned into cash at a local market.

You can find more Scottish history here.


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