Scotland - A History

Each month we present a chapter in the history of Scotland. We move forward in time each month.

Peoples of the Kingdom - Lords and Men


The feudal system was a method of landholding and assessment of land, by which a fief or estate was granted by the superior and his heirs to be held by a vassal and his heirs; it carried with it and guaranteed a hierarchy of rank by which lordship was exercised and homage was paid between two 'free' persons; and it gave to the king a uniform military structure, based on the armoured knight and his retinue. Lordship was thus as much about power, which depended on people of various sorts, as it was about land. Lordship, it has been said, 'implied castles, halls, mills, villages or ferm touns, and indeed churches and chapels too'. The mixture of old and new which so striking characterised the emergence of a feudal kingdom also marked its peoples. The nobility were a mixture of new Anglo-French or Flemish adventurers and an established Celtic aristocracy, such as the great mormaers of Fife or Strathearn whose power in their own accustomed territories continued unimpaired, although recast in a new terminology of 'earls'. By 1200 the process of intermarriage and assimilation between new and old nobility was already well under way. The dependants of the new aristocratic settlers, granted land in return for the obligation of knight service according to the classical pattern of military feudalism, seem to have settled beside an older, parallel class of middle- and lesser-ranking lords rather than displacing them; both were forerunners of lairds of later medieval Scotland.

The status before and after 1100 of other occupiers of the land - the bulk of the ordinary people of Scotland - is far less certain, but it is likely that most were already tied to their lord in some fashion, being liable to pay tribute of one kind or another, whether cain (originally reckoned in cattle but later payable in grain or cheese as well), conveth (originally a duty of free quarter or hospitality) or food-rent. The recasting of a Celtic fiscal system which had already been based on land, though focused on the family unit or household and tempered by the ethos of the kindred, to one based on land measurement tied to feudal lordship was less drastic than might be imagined; many of the old features and even their names remained well into the medieval period, grafted on to the new. By 1200 a class of husbandmen was beginning to appear, some of whom held land which has been split up or sub-infeudated in strict feudal terms 'of ' a greater or lesser lord. But most husbandmen (who may have farmed up to thirty acres in the twelfth century) and cottars (who worked only five to ten acres) by then probably did not hold land in feudal term, in return for a fixed fee, but more likely leased it for a money rent, usually on a yearly basis.

You can find more Scottish history here.


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