The revival of interest in lesser saints, such as St Thenew at Glasgow, St Triduana at Restalrig near Edinburgh and St Ebba at Coldingham later in the same century, all marked the opening up of new archives of the historical memories of a nation. This movement reached its climax in what has been called a national liturgy, the Aberdeen Breviary assembled by Bishop William Elphinstone of Aberdeen - one of the earliest surviving Scottish printed books, produced in Edinburgh by Walter Chepman and Andrew My liar in 1510. In it are to be found more than seventy native saints, all assigned feast days and each a history lesson in itself. Yet Elphinstone's liturgy, which was intended to supplant the English Sarum use, was far more than a narrow propaganda tract for its times; it included most of the major new devotions current in Europe, such as St Mary ad Nives. In this it summed up the new fashion in the later fifteenth century for continental devotions centring on the Passion of Christ, such as the Five Wounds and the Most Holy Name of Jesus. Many of these, like the Holy Blood (still to be seen in the Fettemear Banner, which belonged to the Edinburgh merchant guild) were imported direct from Flanders. The history of Scottish worship, like much of the history of medieval Scotland, was a blend of two sets of influences - nationalist and continental.

The clergy

The composite identity of the Scottish Church in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries mirrored the shifting, hybrid character of both the macMalcolm dynasty and the nobility. It also masked the clash of continuity and change going on within the Church itself, especially amongst the secular clergy. Bernham was the first native-born Bishop of St Andrews since Fothad, who had died in 1093, the same year as Malcolm and Margaret.' Since 1093 there had been an unbroken line of distinguished Anglo-Norman bishops, of whom the greatest were Robert (1124-59), an Augustinian canon of Scone who had supervised the enlargement of St Rule's as a cathedral and priory church and had perhaps also planned the creation of a new cathedral before his death, and William Malvoisin (1202-38), who had brought the reorganisation of the huge diocese to a conclusion. Native Scots were a rarity amongst the twelfth-century episcopate, which was largely Anglo-French in origin.