There were new departures. The twelfth and thirteenth centuries would see the appearance of a Scottish coinage, unknown before the reign of David I, and by the 1280s some forty million silver pennies are likely to have been in circulation; the founding of king's or royal burghs, given extensive privileges to trade both within the kingdom and outside it; and the granting of vast tracts of land to religious houses of orders such as the Cistercians, Benedictines and Tironensians which gave a new impetus to patterns of farming of the land. Yet it would be a mistake to think of eleventh-century society as a primitive, sluggish, but moveable object which met the irresistible forces of stronger and more centralized kingship, new towns and church reform. With each of these developments, there was not a hostile takeovers but some sort of new modus vivendi. The essential dynamics were threefold: an older society, still expanding and evolving, whichmust have seen extensive settlement especially in the tenth and eleventh centuries; a new feudal system which accelerated existing patterns of change and intensified rather than transformed how Scots worked the land; and the twelfth-century general European economic boom which encouraged cultivation, trade and population increase. It was interaction of these three elements, varying from region to region and even from place to place, which redrew the face of early medieval Scotland, but the outline of an earlier society was still clearly visible.