It is likely, too that in more fertile regions such a Lothian and the Merse the pace of clearance was quickening by the tenth and eleventh centuries. In Berwickshire, the grant by Edgar (1097-1107) of Old Cambus, which already has a mill must have been of largely arable ground although it contained within its bounds place-names with a Scandinavian element such a -dale (valley) and -law (hill), which are more precisely dateable to the tenth century once Scandinavian influence had impressed itself into northern English speech; here was land which must have been converted to arable within the previous century or so. The pattern and rhythms of farming were probably much the same in 1300 as in 1000 or even 800. The underlying feature is of the continuity of settlement. Prime sites, like the Upper Tweeddale valley, had probably been staked out many centuries before 1100. Feudal settlement enlarged townships, filled in waste (which can mean moss, moor or wood), and extended the arable infield; but especially in fertile areas like Lothian, these were usually not self-contained blocks of land but scattered strips, sometimes miles apart. Like earlier Viking settlers in Orkney, the evidence is not that the incomers pushed natives off the good land but rather that they tended to take up land which had hitherto lain uncultivated. The emphasis on arable land would also suggest that the population increase which marked the twelfth and thirteenth centuries had already begun before 1100. The exact population of Scotland in 1100, 1200, 1300 can only be guessed at; two recent estimates for its level about 1300 have ranged from half a million to one million. The precise level is however, less important than the undoubted fact that it as increasing.